APA vs MLA Format: Key Differences Every Student Needs to Know

If you've ever stared at a formatting requirement wondering whether to use APA or MLA, you're not alone. These are the two most commonly required citation styles in academic writing, and knowing the APA format vs MLA format differences can save you hours of confusion and revision. This guide breaks down everything you need to know, from when to use each style to exactly how citations, title pages, and references differ between the two.

What Is APA Format?

APA stands for American Psychological Association. APA format is the standard citation and formatting style used in the social sciences, including psychology, sociology, education, nursing, and business. It was developed to bring consistency to academic publishing in fields where research is frequently updated and currency of sources matters. APA style emphasizes the date of publication prominently in citations for this reason.

The current edition is APA 7th edition, published in 2019. If your instructor says to use APA, they almost certainly mean the 7th edition unless they specify otherwise. For a detailed guide to one of the most commonly misunderstood APA requirements, read our article on the APA style title page.

What Is MLA Format?

MLA stands for Modern Language Association. MLA format is the standard style used in the humanities, including English literature, literary criticism, cultural studies, foreign languages, and philosophy. It emphasizes the author and the specific location of information within a source, which reflects the humanities focus on close reading and textual analysis.

The current edition is MLA 9th edition, published in 2021. MLA is most commonly required in high school English classes and in undergraduate humanities courses at college.

APA vs MLA: Which One Should You Use?

The simplest answer is: use whatever your instructor or institution requires. If you haven't been told which to use, a general rule of thumb is:

• Use APA for papers in psychology, education, social sciences, nursing, business, and related fields.
• Use MLA for papers in English, literature, language, philosophy, cultural studies, and the humanities more broadly.

When in doubt, ask your instructor. Getting the citation style wrong can affect your grade, and it's always better to confirm before you start formatting your paper.

APA Format vs MLA Format: Key Differences at a Glance

Title Page: APA vs MLA

One of the most noticeable differences between APA and MLA is how they handle the title page and paper header.

In APA format, a title page is required. For student papers, the title page includes the paper title, the author's name, the institutional affiliation, the course number and name, the instructor's name, and the due date. Everything is centered and double spaced. For a full breakdown of how to format this correctly, see our guide to the APA style title page.

In MLA format, there is no separate title page for most student papers. Instead, you include your name, your instructor's name, the course name, and the date in the upper left corner of the first page, followed by the centered title of your paper. Your last name and the page number appear in the header on every page.

In-Text Citations: APA vs MLA

In-text citations are where APA and MLA differ most noticeably in everyday writing. The key difference comes down to what each style prioritizes.

APA prioritizes the author and the year of publication, reflecting the social sciences' emphasis on research currency:

• Direct quote: (Smith, 2022, p. 45)
• Paraphrase: (Smith, 2022)
• No author: (Title of Work, 2022)

MLA prioritizes the author and the page number, reflecting the humanities' focus on specific textual locations:

• Direct quote: (Smith 45)
• Paraphrase: (Smith 45)
• No author: ("Article Title" 45)

Notice that APA uses a comma between author and year, while MLA uses no comma between author and page number. APA also includes "p." before the page number for direct quotes; MLA does not.

Reference List vs Works Cited: APA vs MLA

Both styles require a list of all sources cited in your paper at the end of your document, but they call it by different names and format it differently.

In APA format, this list is called References. In MLA format, it's called Works Cited. Both lists are alphabetized by the author's last name and use a hanging indent (where the first line is flush left and subsequent lines are indented).

Here's how the same source looks in each format:

Book citation in APA:
Smith, J. A. (2022). The science of learning. Academic Press.

Book citation in MLA:
Smith, Jane A. The Science of Learning. Academic Press, 2022.

Key differences to notice: APA uses the author's initials rather than full first name, places the year immediately after the author's name in parentheses, and uses sentence case for the book title (only the first word and proper nouns are capitalized). MLA uses the author's full name, places the year at the end of the citation, and uses title case (most words are capitalized).

Headings: APA vs MLA

APA has a formal, five-level heading system used to organize sections of longer papers. Each level has specific formatting requirements for font weight, alignment, and indentation. Student papers typically use levels one through three.

MLA doesn't have a formal heading system. Section headers in MLA papers are used at the writer's discretion and are typically formatted consistently in bold or italics, though no specific style is mandated.

Numbers and Statistics

Because APA is used in research-heavy fields, it has detailed conventions for reporting numbers and statistics. As a general rule, numbers ten and above are written as numerals in APA (11 participants, 25%), while numbers below ten are written as words (three participants, seven items). There are many exceptions, so always check the APA manual for your specific situation.

MLA has fewer specific conventions for numbers. The general guidance is to spell out numbers that can be written in one or two words (fifteen, two hundred) and use numerals for longer numbers (2,450).

Common Mistakes Students Make With APA and MLA

• Using the wrong citation style for the subject. Always confirm which style your instructor requires before you start writing. Switching styles halfway through a paper is time consuming and error prone.
• Mixing APA and MLA conventions. For example, using an author-year citation in what should be an MLA paper, or forgetting to include the year in an APA citation. Keep a style guide open while you write.
• Forgetting to include a title page in APA. APA student papers require a title page. MLA papers do not.
• Getting the reference list title wrong. It's "References" in APA and "Works Cited" in MLA. Using the wrong label is a common and easily avoidable mistake.
• Capitalizing book titles incorrectly. APA uses sentence case for book and article titles. MLA uses title case. This is one of the most frequently missed formatting differences.
• Forgetting the year in APA in-text citations. APA always includes the publication year in the in-text citation. MLA does not.

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Frequently Asked Questions About APA vs MLA

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